This Sunday morning I will be preaching on 1 Thessalonians 5:1-11 which is a passage where Paul directly takes the issue of the return of Jesus. The so called "second coming of Christ" is an important theme in the New Testament. The term Paul uses is
parousia which means "appearing" or "coming." The language of "coming" invokes the tripartite universe that ancient people, like the Greeks and Romans, expected. Basically heaven is above, the earth is the middle region, and there is a lower region. The coming of Jesus would then be the great event signalling the moment when God would finally break into the world and bring his justice upon the earth. This was the great hope of the OT prophets who prophesied just such an event. Technically this field of study is called eschatology which means "study of end times."
Paul emphasizes several things. One, he emphasizes the inevitability of the return of Christ, in spite of the delay. Two, he emphasizes the tragedy that this return will be mean for many people who are unaware and unprepared. Third, he stresses the fact that God's people will be saved not destroyed through this. Paul uses the word "wrath" to describe God's righteous judgment which will fall upon the world.
In Acts 17, Paul stood at Mars Hill and preached to the Athenian philosophers and the pagan scholars of the time. He preached about Jesus and about God's great plan for the world. Paul drove the point home with these words:
"In the past God overlooked such ignorance, but now he commands all people everywhere to repent. 31 For he has set a day when he will judge the world with justice by the man he has appointed. He has given proof of this to all men by raising him from the dead.” (Acts 17:30-31 NIV)
These words of Paul are a reminder of Jewish eschatology which includes the idea that the one true God will act in the future by bring his righteous judgment upon the world. This will happen in a singular day sometimes called "Yom Yahweh" which is Hebrew for the day of the Lord.